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When we are exposed to traumatic or stressful situations, our body experiences a host of physiological changes that prepare us to fight, flight, or freeze in response to the stressor at hand. Our sympathetic nervous system turns online, sending our amygdala into high alert and triggering the release of cortisol into the body. Although this primitive survival response is an adaptive mechanism that mobilizes our body when real danger is present, it can have damaging effects on the body when individuals remain in a state of hyperarousal when no actual threat exists. In particular, it results in what is known as toxic stress, in which continued stress activation results in the prolonged release of cortisol.

When you recognize the impact of toxic stress on the body, you can better understand the causes of disruptive behavior in the classroom. When a student experiences toxic stress, the amygdala actually grows in size and becomes more and more ready to jump in and take over. You may have had a student who seems to explode or become aggressive for no apparent reason, but what is actually happening is the student, in a constant state of hyperarousal, is triggered very easily. Anything can be a trigger, and because the student already has a high level of cortisol and a larger amygdala ready and waiting to take over, the challenging behavior occurs very quickly and very intensely.

When a student experiences fight, flight, or freeze in the classroom, it often goes unrecognized for what it truly is—a physiological response to a perceived threat. Recognition is the first step in helping the student. So how can you tell the difference between fight, flight, or freeze, and other challenging behavior such as oppositional defiance, hyperactivity, or avoidance? The following behaviors are the most common responses when a student has been triggered:

• Blowing up when corrected or not getting what they want
• Defiance
• Fighting—especially when criticized or teased
• Resisting transitions or change
• Unusually protective of personal space
• Reverting to younger behavior
• Frequently seeking attention
• Distrust of adults in authority

However, even physicians and psychiatrists can have difficulty determining whether the cause of the challenging behavior is due to ADHD or trauma. As an educator, you may or may not have information about the student’s family circumstances and past behavioral issues. This information can provide helpful pieces to the puzzle. Here are some additional ways you may be able to detect a trauma history:

• Watch to see whether there is a predictable cycle with regard to the student’s behavior. Activation of the body’s stress response system begins with a trigger, or something that leads to the student feeling unsafe or emotionally dysregulated. After the student is triggered, there is a period of agitation, which can last for varying amounts of time. Agitation can look like pacing, tapping a pencil, antagonizing others, or any other behavior that demonstrates a feeling of unrest.
• When momentum of the agitation starts to build, the student enters the acceleration phase and completion of the cycle is inevitable. After the student reaches the peak of the stress response, they begin to de-escalate and calm their bodies. As long as the student is not triggered again, de-escalation continues until the student has returned to a recovered state.
• Ask the student to describe the physical sensations they experienced. When the body’s stress response is activated, there are certain physical symptoms that you can expect.

You can to more closely examine how a student typically reacts to being triggered, including whether their reaction is most often a fight, flight, or freeze response. With this understanding, you can help the student choose and utilize an adaptive self-regulation strategy that will calm their emotions.



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This is an excerpt from Building a Trauma-Informed Compassionate Classroom by Jennifer Bashant. Copyright © 2020, Jennifer Bashant. °ÅÀÖÊÓƵ Publishing & Media